The United States Has Progressed From A Rural, Agricultural

The United States has progressed from a rural, agricultural nation to an urbanized industrial one in just the last two centuries. Through this the transformation of the American lifestyles have changed drastically. Other countries focus on eating well, excercise, and taking enough time to eat and enjoying what they are eating. One lifestyle that many Americans have adapted to is the Western Diet, but today around the world the Western Diet is not viewed as the most nutritious or beneficial diet for humans. The nutritional patterns of high-fat and cholesterol, high protein, high sugar, and excessive salt intake, as well as the excessive consumption of processed fast foods has collectively defined the Western Diet. Even though this type of†¦show more content†¦Type two diabetes is preventable with the right kind of lifestyle, but if it is not prevented the only one to blame is the individual because it is self done. Obesity and type two diabetes are two ilnesses that are done to ones self through the acts of not eating a healthy stable diet and not exercising on a regular basis. If the United States did not promote so much processed foods the american families probably would not be in this epidemic. Unfortunaley, this epidemic is spreading worldwide, it will continue to have this domino effect if individuals are not more aware as to what they are eating. Khanna goes on to explain how when this type of diet is used in different parts of the world such as in Japan there becomes an apparent difference in their health. She notes that there is a decline in their health. She also states that â€Å"in the West, we have far too many additives in our foods, high fructose corn syrup, things we cannot even pronounce in our foods.According to the authors of the Harvard University of Public Health Web Team, Deane Eastwood, Christopher Ternan, and Jacob Yerdon, the Western diet plays one of the largest roles in obesity. Obesity has become a growing epidemic in every age group due to the toxic environments that have prevented many Americans from healthy living. We are constantly surrounded by processed foods, whether it be in schools or work areas, which makes it difficult for individuals toShow MoreRelatedTheu.s. De La Madrid Of Mexico Essay1882 Words   |  8 PagesMuch of the government’s efforts in addressing the challenges were placed on privatizing state industries and moving toward trade liberalization. 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The Great Depression affected almost everyone in the United States. People had to learn to live on less, and still enjoy life when they could. When the stock marketRead MoreAp Dbq 20071446 Words   |  6 Pagestime period 1870-1890. As railroads expanded, so did cattle ranching. In Document F it states, â€Å"An establishment in Chicago which combines the operations of ‘shipping’ and of ‘canning’ beef has a slaughtering capacity of 400,000 head annually. When we add to this the requirements of other similar although smaller concerns, and the large number shipped eastward on the hoof, we have a grand total of not far from 2,500,000 head marketed in the city of Chicago alone,† ex plains how the shipping of beefRead MoreExchanging Our Country Marks by Michael Gomez.1495 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious strands of the historical record in a stunning fusion that points the way to a definitive history of American Slavery. 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Health care has social, governmental, and financial implications that affect all members of the health care system and in countries within the Central American region specially, citizens have fallen victim to health disparities that have resulted from long-term neglect of the underlying factors that perpetuate this issue. It is imperative for children to develop with healthy

Ethical Framework Free Essays

What does it mean to be ethical? What does it mean to be ethical? Ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos. Ethics to me can be defined as always doing the right thing all the time. Everyone has their own moral principles that decide his/her behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Framework or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone is completely different in how they were raised and taught in what was right and wrong. As stated by Santa Clara University, â€Å"ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on† (Santa Clara University, 2010). A lot of people will get ethics confused with it being the same as their feelings. In fact, it is totally opposite. It is that way because when people generally get angry with something or someone and then they will typically follow that up with doing something bad. There are certain ethics people should follow in their everyday lives. Whether you know it or not but if you drive every day and you choose to drive the speed limit, not to commit murder or even not to rob a bank you are following the rules and regulations that were implemented by our government. I know from a personal level about doing the right thing and being ethical when one of my friends was working a bakery. My friend left that job and took the recipe and started making her own cookies and went out on the street and sold them cookies to the bakery’s current customers and future customers. Not to mention this was the bakery’s best cookie that was voted on by its customers. Pretty soon the owner realized his sales were going down and quickly realized that it was his former employee selling his product without the benefit. He eventually filed a lawsuit against my friend. Now what my friend did was not only fair and right but was also considered unethical. My friend had pay a fee back to her former boss and had to give up the recipe and not do that again. In my everyday life I choose to be ethical in everything I do. I choose to do the right things when it comes to doing something that I know I shouldn’t be doing. One thing that comes to mind of me not being ethical was when I was not of the legal age to drink alcohol. I know that I would drink every now and then when I was in high school. I thought it was the cool thing to do and hang out with my friends while I did it. Then when I came to Brevard it got worse being around a lot of my friends that would peer pressure me. Growing up I had two great parents that taught me to always do the right thing. While doing it I knew it would be ethical to not pick a beer up and drink it seeing how the law stated that you had to be at least twenty one years of age to consume it. My parents have always told me, â€Å"Would you still do what you’re doing if I was sitting right behind you? But also on the other hand I do not consider it being unethical if I were to do something that didn’t really have that much harm, like for example lying to a friend. According to Cornell University, â€Å"Many acts that would be widely condemned as unethical are not prohibited by law† (Legal Information Institute, 1992). When deciding on what would be considered ethical and non-ethical, you would have to use your judgment of h ow you were raised to determine the certain actions. I know for a fact that when and if I have kids I will definitely raise them the way my grandparents and my parents have raised me. If I can do that then I will know for a fact that I will be proud of my kids and they will be properly raised. REFERENCES Legal Information Institute. (1992). Retrieved September 9, 2012, from Cornell University Law School: http://www. law. cornell. edu/wex/ethics Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2005, December 20). Retrieved September 9, 2012, from Personal Identity and Ethics: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/identity-ethics/ Santa Clara University. (2010). A Framework for Thinking Critically. Retrieved September 8, 2012, from http://www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework. html How to cite Ethical Framework, Essay examples

Mcdonald Communication Theory And Practice -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Mcdonald Communication Theory And Practice? Answer: Introducation Communication is the process of message transmission from the sender to the recipient. In an organization, communication needs to be very effective and efficient, the essence of management is the communication process. Without effective communication, management functions that are basic cannot be performed well. In McDonald, a business organization involved the continuous flow of information. The organization involves a very large number of consumers and staff, therefore feedback from the consumers is very important part of the business communication. McDonald organization has a hierarchy of various levels. Communication practices play a greater role in the procedure of directing and controlling of the people in the organization. Misunderstanding can be avoided if the organization has an effective system of communication. In the organization of McDonald, the communication between the subordinates and the superiors is very effective and regulated by the norms and rules. People within an organization should be fully aware of the policies, rules, and regulations of the organization. In McDonald, the business communication that is in practice is the oral communication and the written communication. McDonald organization focusses not only on how the organization can reach its consumers and target consumers but also, how can the consumer reach the company (Kotler, 2011).According to Kotler, communication in today's world is a dialogue that is interactive between the organization and its consumers that takes place in all stages i.e selling, advertising, consuming and post selling services. The reduction in the cost of communication has enabled much organization to shift from mass communication to a communication that targets the consumer and face to face communication. Significance of business communication. Business communication plays a vital role in the attainment of the organization marketing objectives. Communication understanding is of significance since it is the process through which organization attains their set objectives culminating their success. Individuals attitude in McDonald organization were easily altered through communication. This was majorly impacted by how well the individual was informed. The well-informed individual was having a better attitude as compared to the less informed individuals. Communication made it easier for individuals to associates. Finally, communication made the process of decision making very easy as it helped the management in assessing and identification of alternative actions courses. Communication theories There is a variety of business communication theory that is used in McDonald. They include: Communication accommodation theory The communication accommodation theory, encompasses the aspects of motivation and result transference of the communication style between people (Doon, 2016).The theory suggests that people do transfer their communication styles in two ways that are the divergence and convergence. Those people who have an ethnic background that is considered strong will transfer their style through divergence, so as to highlight their identity group importance. Those who transfer their communication through convergence are considered helpless or powerless and only do so when they are in need of being accepted in the society. Groupthink theory Groupthink theory suggests that the process of groupthink will only arise when groups that are considered highly committed fail to handle various problems affecting them (Doon, 2016).It proposes that people are unwilling to share ideas that are unfamiliar to another member of the group. During such occurrences, the group will make a wrong decision that has effects which are long term. Organizational information theory For an organization to be considered successful, it is important to have all the information that is considered necessary, for it to achieve its goals. The theory suggests that people behaviors and productivity are mainly affected by the organization communication. The main object of the communication is to reduce the doubts so that to extract information that is relevant from the existing ones (Doon, 2016). Communication practices An organization that has imperative communication skills is likely to succeed. Having communication skills that are positive will, increase the business opportunities (Marks, 2016).As this will enable the business get ahead in certain areas where those organization that is not assertive may not succeed. Some of the practices comprise of: Body language. One should not shy away from the person they are communicating with. One should endure that they maintain eye contact and posture that is relaxed regardless of the role being played. Body language that ensures that a person is listening comprises of, making eye contact. Occasionally nodding the head to acknowledge point being made in the conversation. In a business context, during marketing or negotiation of a business deal, the process is likely to be successful if there was a mutual understanding of the terms and the conditions of the contract to avoid complications in the future (Russell, 2015). Communication consistency In the McDonald organization, the management has the ability to communicate consistently to the staff through remaining available. Despite the difficulty of the situation at hand, it is the task of the supervisor to air the voice of the employees. They do this in an open and honest way. The communication practice between the employee and the management is very open and honest. The management is always available and bold. The organization has always left the communication lines open for the employees who may want to address their problems with the management. This practice has enabled the organization prevents small issues which normally arises then due to negligence end up becoming the large issues through ensuring the employee that the management is open to discussing any pressing issue at any time(Russell, 2015). Patience The management at McDonald has always given the staff and consumers time to air their concerns. The management has always remained focused on what they are trying to raise as an issue, this usually shows the consumer or employee that the management is open to helping them out with their issue. Many people tend to break communication lines due to impatience. Suppose one is confused about what the other person concern, it is polite to request the speaker to elaborate their concern. This will create a mutual understanding and help in the business operations (Jukso, 2014). Speech and attentiveness. During communication, it is advisable to be concise and clear while speaking (Jukso, 2014).One should ensure they speak on matters that are important and they do not waste any time drawing stories that will deviate the mind of the listener. The significance of verbal communication is the competence to exercise active listening. One ought to always make mental notes of the important notes. In that manner, when given the chance to speak, one will be able to speak on the most significant issues being dealt with (Russell, 2015). Recommendation Communication is an essential factor in the success of any organization. McDonald has been a successful organization in the past years, having taken a research on the communication practice of the organization, the following areas need to be keenly implemented. For the organization to stay ahead of the competition and maintain a competitive advantage over its competitors it has to restructure its communication practice in the following ways. The organization should enable a wide conversation. This will include a platform for instant messaging. The benefits of this include the aptitude to manage numerous conversations productively at once. The prospect to break down the language obstacles because of text worked better than voice. The organization should improve its vertical and horizontal communication. The organization communication should be streamlined. This can be achieved through the use of the right tools. Programs that connect workers at the level would be implemented. This will enable the managers and the owners more responsible and answerable when the staff invest their energy and time in brainstorming ideas which could be of profit to the organization (Kneece, 2015). The success of an internal communication will depend on the resources allocated to it. The management should come up with a budget to allocate the resources. In order to establish a budget that is meaningful, the organization should weigh and evaluate the impact of failure to invest in the employee aptitude to build a strong relationship with other colleagues and share their concern and come up with information that helps their job performance. Conclusion Business communication is essential to the success of any business. McDonald has been able to achieve its goals through setting effective communication between the organization and its customers, shareholder and staff. The communication accommodation theory, the subordinate staff are most likely to use the convergence style because they feel helpless and will communicate in a way that shows they are in need of acceptance by the management. Group thinking theory has been used in McDonald to brainstorm ideas in case of any problem. This has helped the organization in getting ideas from various staff members and shareholders. Organization information theory has been implemented in the McDonald in order to reduce doubts and extract information which is relevant from the existing information. References Berkenkotter, C., Huckin, T. N. (2016). Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication: Cognition/culture/power. Routledge. Doon, Z. (2016). 17 - Different Types of Business Communication Theories. [online] Business Study Notes. Available at: https://www.businessstudynotes.com/others/business-communication/different-business-communication-theories/ [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Jukso, J. (2014). Best Practices in Communication. [online] IndustryWeek. Available at: https://www.industryweek.com/public-policy/best-practices-communication [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Kneece, R. (2015). 5 Tips To Create Effective Internal Communications With Your Team. [online] Fast Company. Available at: https://www.fastcompany.com/3045455/5-tips-to-create-effective-internal-communications-with-your-team [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Kotler, P. (2011). Philip Kotler's contributions to marketing theory and practice. In Review of Marketing Research: Special IssueMarketing Legends (pp. 87-120). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Managementstudyguide.com. (2015). Berlo's Model of Communication. [online] Available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/berlo-model-of-communication.htm [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Marks, C. (2016). Best Practices in Business Communication. [online] prezi.com. Available at: https://prezi.com/pwzfbif4wdho/best-practices-in-business-communication/ [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Modaff, D. P., Butler, J. A., DeWine, S. A. (2016). Organizational communication: Foundations, challenges, and misunderstandings. Pearson. Rasool Roozegar, Saeid Tahmasebi, Ali Akbar Jafari. (2017) The McDonald Gompertz distribution: Properties and applications. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 46:5, pages 3341-3355. Russell, N. (2015). 15 Trust Building Communication Practices. [online] Psychology Today. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/trust-the-new-workplace-currency/201305/15-trust-building-communication-practices [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Ruben, B. D., Gigliotti, R. A. (2016). Leadership as social influence: An expanded view of leadership communication theory and practice. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 23(4), 467-479. Stewart, D. W., Shamdasani, P. N. (2014). Focus groups: Theory and practice (Vol. 20). economics publications. Stacks, D. W., Salwen, M. B. (Eds.). (2014). An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Routledge.

The super project Essay Example

The super project Paper We chose to use the NPV method because it is the best method for capital budgeting and valuing a project or alternative. The NPV takes into account all of the relevant cash flows and the time value of money. When calculating NPV, we do not need to include the test market expenses, as they are sunk costs. We need to include any relevant overhead expenses, erosion costs from the Jell-O product line and the excess capacity used. When determining whether to accept or reject a project based on a NPV, as long as the NPV is positive the project or alternative should be accepted. Just the opposite, if the NPV is negative, the project or alternative should be rejected. In terms of a SWOT analysis for the project in general, one strength would be the strong market share that General Foods already has with their other strong products, jell-O for example. Another strength would be their knowledge of powdered desserts and similar products. One weakness that is prominent in this case is the fact that the new Super Product is taking away from the production of Jell-O, an already strong product. In terms of the opportunities, the product may flop, taking away possible gains General Foods could gain from developing a new different product. A threat to this case and General Foods is that of competitors. Competitors may try and copy the product or create a better alternative to General Foods Super Product. Analysis The Super Project has an initial investment of $200 and a pro rata share of facilities of $453 giving us a $653 total investment. This total investment will depreciate over the next ten periods. We will write a custom essay sample on The super project specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The super project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The super project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first period only depreciates by 5% while the next nine will depreciate by 10%. After all the depreciation has occurred there will just be the salvage value remaining for the capital asset. With depreciation being paid each year there is a tax shield created. A tax shield is a deduction in income taxes that result from taking an allowable deduction from taxable income. To find out how much the tax shield the Super Project has, just take the amount of depreciation for that period and multiple it by the tax rate (52%). The tax rate used was the average tax rate over the past 10 years. Cost of Debt and cost of equity help get different rates that are an important factor in figuring out the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Cost of debt gives the interest rate General Foods would pay for all the current debts. While the cost of equity is the minimum rate of return that they must offer shareholders to keep them investing in their company. The Super Project has cost of debt of 1. 57% and cost of equity of 13%. This helps figure out the WACC which is the rate we expect to pay on average to all security holders to finance our assets. The WACC for the super project is 11. 77% which is less than the 13% rate of return that the shareholders are looking for. This tells us that the Super Project might not be the best idea. NPV is still the best measure for capital budgeting so we went ahead and did the calculations for it. To figure out the net present value we have to first figure out the cash flow. In 1968 we get earnings before income taxes of $283. This is the $643 total investment minus the $360 cost for test markets that we see as a sunk cost and are not including it as part of the Super Project. The cash flow generates positive revenue for the Super Project but we still have to factor in that the Super Project is eroding 20% of Jell-O causing their revenues to decrease along with their cash flow. After cash flow is figured out we are finally able to see what the NPV is. When calculating NPV you have to get the sum of discounted cash flows and add it to the initial investment. For the Super Project we get $298. 4 discounted cash flow + (653) fixed investment = (354. 6) NPV. With the NPV being a negative number, we know to reject the super project.

Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Essays

Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Essays Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Paper Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Paper The epithelial surfaces of the organic structure service as an effectual barrier against most micro-organisms, and they are quickly repaired if wounded. Adaptive unsusceptibility is initiated when an innate immune response fails to extinguish a new infection, whereby an activated antigen showing cells ( APCs ) bearing pathogen s antigens are delivered to the run outing lymphoid tissues. An adaptative immune response differs from the innate unsusceptibility in its ability to aim constructions that are specific to peculiar strains and discrepancies of pathogen. T cells are produced in the bone marrow. They are transported still, as pro-thymocytes to the Thymus where they undergo the procedure of ripening and choice. The ordinance of T cell ripening in the Thymus is termed central tolerance . During gestation, most T cells generated bear the gamma/deta T cell receptor ( TcR ) on their surface. In the grownup, most T cells bear the alpha/beta TcR. The freshly formed TcR so, has to be tested for acknowledgment of self-MHC/peptide. The T cells are tested at a phase of development known as dual positive, intending that they bear both CD4 and CD8 receptors on their surface. Cells with TcRs that recognize self-MHC/peptide with really low affinity will decease. This procedure is known as decease by disregard. Cells with TcRs with medium affinity for MHC receive endurance signals and undergo a procedure known as positive choice. Finally, cells which receive a high affinity signal via their TcR dice by programmed cell death, a procedure known as neg ative choice. Cells that interact with MHC category I become CD8 positive T cell, and those that interact with MHC category II become CD4 positive T cells, before migrating out into the peripheral lymphoid system ( Wood P, 2006 ) . Mature B cells, like T cell, are besides develop signifier pluripotent root cells. However unlike T cells lymphocytes, B cell ripening occurs in the bone marrow. There are four different phases of B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, immature B, and mature B cells. During its development, B cells get B cell surface marker look such as B220, CD19, CD20, etc. every bit good as antigen receptors. The stromal cells run alonging the bone marrow provide indispensable growing signals to developing B cells, including cytokines such as IL7 and cell to cell contact, via VLA4/VCAM and Kit/SCF. During B cell development, cistron section rearrangements take topographic point, merely like in T cells where TcR rearrangements ( cardinal tolerance ) besides occur. However, for B cells, the Ig heavy concatenation cistron venue ( variable-V, joining-J and diversity-D sections ) , situated on chromosome 14, rearranges. In hematopoietic root cells, the Ig heavy concatenation cistrons are in germline constel lation ( Kurosaki T et al. , 2009 ) . As B cells develop to pro-B cells, a D-J recombination is the first cistron rearrangement to take topographic point. The intervening Deoxyribonucleic acid is usually deleted from the chromosome as a circle. Gene rearrangements are mediated by recombinase activitng cistrons, RAG proteins. As the development B cell returns from pro- to pre-B cell phase, a V-DJ cistron agreement takes topographic point to organize the VDJ cryptography block that encodes the variable sphere on the antibody heavy concatenation. Gene rearrangement takes topographic point on both transcripts of chromosome 14 in a development B cell, but one time a productive VDJ block has been assembled on one chromosome 14, rearrangement ceases on the other chromosome, guaranting merely one type of Ig is produced by any individual B cell. This procedure is known as allelomorphic exclusion. If a development B cell fails to do a productive VDJ block, it will neglect to bring forth antib ody heavy concatenation and dice in the bone marrow ( Murphy K et Al, 2008 ) . T and B cell activation: T cell activation takes topographic point in run outing lymph nodes ( besides spleen ) near to site of infection. T cell recognizes antigen on MHC ( Major Histocompatibility Complex ) molecules becomes activated and differentiates to effector cells. Effector T cells migrate to site of infection and transport out effector maps. The T lymphocytes arrive through venulas, and cross through the endothelial to the lymph nodes. Antigen showing cells such ( APC ) such as dendritic cells, and macrophages presented antigens to T cells. On acknowledgment of the antigen, a low affinity interaction is formed. These T cells so leave lymph node though the lymphatic system. Those T cells that recognize the antigen s wall with high affinity will be retained and the procedure of proliferation and distinction occurs. However, initial B cell activation takes topographic point in T cell zone of secondary lymphatic tissues ( i.e. in lyhmph nodes ) . Mostly IgM bring forthing plasma cells are produced at t his province. B cells, unlike T cells, are activated by the ineraction with antigen-specific T cell, by linked acknowledgment. Antigen-activated B cell migrates to B cell country of lymph nodes to organize organized originative Centres, where extra B cell distinction procedures take topographic point. It is of import to observe that T cells recognize the peptide, while B cells recognize the coat protein. For T and B lymph cell activation 2 signals are hypothesized to be required. First, the antigen stimulus signal and secondly, the co-stimulatory stimulation. The absence of the 2nd signal consequences in anergy or programmed cell death. CD28/B7 interaction is the co-stimulatory signals for T cells while CD40/CD40 ligand, on the activated T cells, interaction is for B cells. For both T and B lymph cells, in it resting G0 cell rhythm, the cell appear to hold a big karyon, with small cytol and demo small grounds of cell organs. However, when these cells enter G1/S/G2 cell rhythm, cell shows an addition in cell size, chromatin de-condensation is seen. Cell division occurs quickly, bring forthing effecter cells of either T or B lymph cells. Effector T cells include Th1, Th2 and T regulative, every bit good as T cytotoxic cell and memory T cells. On the other manus, effecter B cells include plasma cell and memory B cell. T and B cell effecter maps: B cell response to T-dependent protein antigen consequences in originative Centres formation in B cell countries of lymph nodes, and specialised procedures such as Ig class-switching, bodily mutant and affinity ripening, memory B cell and plasma cell coevals take topographic point at that place. Emerging form originative Centres are somatically mutated and class-switched B cells, which no longer merely bring forth IgM. Memory B cells are durable, resting and re-circulating cells, responsible for immunisation portion which helpto generate rapid and vigorous immune response on 2nd brush for that specific antigen. Plamablast cells migrate to other sites such as bone marrow, and go plasma cells, bring forthing big sums of secreted antibody. Some of which can populate for long periods. The effecter maps of B cells refer to what antibodies do after their contact with the antigen. The antibody effecter maps include neutralisation, complement arrested development ( IgM, IgG1/2/3 ) , oposoniz ation and antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, T cell effecter maps differ significantly from B cell effecter maps. Antigen showing cells present peptide via MHC which can either interact with CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Helper T cells are defined by the cytokines they produce. Naive CD4+ T cells ( Th0 ) , on interaction with APC, can distinguish to Th1 or Th2 cells, depending on the cytokine environment. Th1 cells co-ordinate inflammatory immune responses to intracellular pathogens while Th2 cells aid B cells to do antibodies required for immune responses to extracellular pathogens, this is known as humoral unsusceptibility. Th1 and Th2 cells both act to advance the coevals of more leucocytes. Besides Th0/Th1/Th2, other CD4+ T cell subsets exist ( Zhu J et al. , 2010 ) . Resting T cells can distinguish into activated assistant T cell, every bit good as activated cytotoxic T cell ( CD8+ T cell ) . Initially, CD8+ T cells interact with possible mark cells via low affinity/non-specific interactions between adhesion molecules on the T cell ( LFA-1 and CD2 ) and the mark cell ( ICAM1, ICAM2 ) . This interaction has no consequence on the cytoskeleton of the T cell and is a transeunt interaction unless acknowledgment of specific peptide: MHC composites occurs. If peptide: MHC I complex is present, the affinity of the adhesion molecule interaction additions and there is constellating of T cell receptor and associated molecules at the point of contact with the mark cell organizing the immunological synapse. This besides signals for cytoskeletal rearrangements organized by the microtubule forming complex which focuses the cytotoxic granules of the T cell at the point of contact with the mark. Notice here, that T cells, unlike B cells do non bring forth antibodies against antigens. Granules incorporating perforin and other enzymes including granzymes are released and bring on the activation of the cathepsin tracts in the mark cell taking to apoptosis. CD8+ T cells can besides kill mark cells via the Fas/FasL t ract which besides induces programmed cell death ( Peter EJ 2007 ) . In decision, adaptative immune responses occur when single lymphocytes capable of reacting to antigen proliferate and differentiate to go an antigen-specific effecter cells and memory cells. The procedure of lymph cell cell rhythm patterned advance, proliferation and distinction in response to antigen and stimulation is known as lymphocyte activation. B cell activation is initiated by the ligation of the B cell receptor ( BCR ) with antigen and finally consequences in the production of protective antibodies against potentially infective encroachers. While naif or memory T cells encounter foreign antigen along with proper co-stimulation they undergo rapid and extended clonal enlargement. In human, this type of proliferation is reasonably alone to cells of the adaptative immune system and requires a considerable outgo of energy and cellular resources.

Jaycee Lee Dugard - The Case of Jaycee Lee Dugard

Jaycee Lee Dugard - The Case of Jaycee Lee Dugard For years, she had smiled from her FBI missing child poster, one of those children who had been gone so long that no one expected them ever to be found alive. But Jaycee Lee Dugard turned up on Aug. 27, 2009, at a California police station 18 years after being abducted. According to authorities, Dugard was held in captivity all that time by a convicted sex offender who kept her in his backyard compound, sheltered in tents, sheds, and outbuildings in Antioch, California. Police arrested 58-year-old Phillip Garrido, who they said kept Dugard as a virtual slave and fathered two children by her. The children were ages 11 and 15 when Dugard resurfaced. Kidnapping, Rape Charges Filed Garrido and his wife, Nancy, were charged with conspiracy and kidnapping. Garrido was also charged with rape by force, lewd and lascivious acts with a minor, and sexual penetration. He was on parole from a Nevada state prison following a conviction of rape by force or fear. He was paroled in 1999. Dugards ordeal neared its end when California parole officials received a report that Garrido had been seen with two young children. They called him in for questioning but sent him home with instructions to return the following day. The next day, Garrido returned with his wife; Dugard, who was going by the name Allissa; and the two children. The investigators separated Garrido from the group so that they could interview Dugard. During the interview, she attempted to protect Garrido when investigators asked if she knew that he was a  sex offender. As the interview continued, Dugard became visibly agitated and made up a story about being an abused wife hiding from her husband in the Garrido home. As the interviews became more intensive, Dugard began to show signs of Stockholm Syndrome, in which a captive held long enough develops positive feelings for the captor. She became angry, demanding to know why she was being interrogated. Finally, Garrido broke down and told investigators he had kidnapped and raped Dugard. Only after his confession did she reveal her true identity. El Dorado County Undersheriff Fred Kollar said: None of the children have ever been to school, theyve never been to a doctor. They were kept in complete isolation in this compound, if you will. There was electricity from electrical cords, rudimentary outhouse, rudimentary shower, as if you were camping. It was here that Dugard had given birth to her two children. Reunited With Mother Authorities said Dugard appeared to be in good health when she arrived at a San Francisco Bay Area police station to be reunited with her mother, who was overjoyed to find her daughter alive. Also welcoming the news was Dugards stepfather, Carl Probyn, the last person to see her before she disappeared and a longtime suspect in the case. It broke my marriage up. Ive gone through hell; I mean Im a suspect up until yesterday, Probyn told The Associated Press at his home in Orange, California. Backyard Compound Investigators searched the home and property where Dugard had been held captive, expanding their search to an adjacent property looking for clues in other missing persons cases. Behind the Garrido home, investigators found what looked like a tented compound where Dugard and her children had lived. Inside they found a rug spread out with a bed on it. On the bed were several piles of clothing and boxes. Another tented area contained clothing, pictures, books, plastic storage containers, and toys. There were no modern conveniences except electrical lighting. According to court papers, Garrido had stopped having sex with Dugard around the time that she gave birth to her second child. Afterward, all five held themselves out to be a family, taking vacations and running a family business together. Mixed Emotions Phillip and Nancy Garrido pleaded not guilty to 29 counts, including forcible abduction, rape, and false imprisonment. When the Garridos were arrested, Dugard experienced mixed emotions. With counseling and medical care, she began to understand the terrible things that were done to her. Her attorney, McGregor Scott, said she was fully cooperating with the investigation because she understood that the Garridos needed to be held accountable for their crimes. $20 Million Settlement In February 2010, Dugard and her daughters, then 15 and 12, filed claims against the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, claiming the agency failed to do its job of properly supervising Garrido, who was supposed to be under parole supervision during much of the time he held Dugard captive. Parole officers never discovered Dugard and her daughters during the 10 years Garrido was under supervision. The lawsuit also claimed psychological, physical, and emotional damage. That July, the state offered Dugard a $20 million settlement mediated by retired San Francisco County Superior Court Judge Daniel Weinstein. The money will be used to buy the family a home, ensure privacy, pay for education, replace lost income. and cover what will likely be years of therapy, Weinstein told reporters. Guilty Pleas On April 28, 2011, the Garridos pleaded guilty to kidnapping and rape, sparing Dugard and her daughters from testifying at trial. On June 3, Phillip Garridos received a sentence of 431 years to life; Nancy Garridos was sentenced to 36 years to life. They made no eye contact with anyone and kept their heads down as Dugards mother, Terry Probyn, read a statement from her daughter: I chose not to be here today because I refuse to waste another second of my life in your presence...Everything you have ever done to me has been wrong and someday I hope you can see that...[A]s I think of all of those years I am angry because you stole my life and that of my family. Thankfully I am doing well now and no longer live in a nightmare. Nancy Garrido is imprisoned at the California Institution for Women in Corona, California. Phillip Garridos institution wasnt available in August 2019. Sources Martinez, Michael. Phillip, Nancy Garrido Sentenced in Jaycee Dugard Kidnapping. CNN.Glynn,  Casey. Nancy and Philip Garrido sentenced for Jaycee Lee Dugard kidnapping. CBS NewsCDCR Inmate Locator. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

Development of Catholic Church Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development of Catholic Church - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the development of the Catholic Church, the church fathers, their opponents, and the theological disputes the church fathers faced. The spreading of Christian religion was more successful in urban areas among people of low social class, aristocratic women and slaves. The first Catholic Church was not well organized, thus; they came up with a structured hierarchy where the Bishop had authority over clergy in his city. By the third century, many things had changed, and the Bishop of Rome solved problems that other Bishops could not solve thus acted as a court of appeal. The doctrine of the Catholic Church was refined by the church fathers. Many years later catholic teachings came to be defined by proto-orthodox teachings. Christians faced persecution due to their refusal to give up their God and worship the gods of the other religions. The non Christians and the authorities felt that Christians were threatening their peace and the prosperity of the Roman Empire, by annoying the gods. Christians faced accusation of incest and cannibalism due to their secrecy in their religious practice. Any unusual occurrence in the empire was blamed on the Christians claiming that the gods were angry, and this led to the persecution of more Christians in the Roman Empire. All residents, except the Jews, had to give sacrifices to the gods or risk being persecuted. However, all these events took a turn when Constantine became emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He declared that his victory was attributed to Christianity. He came up with a law that mandated the acceptance of all religions in the Empire. After the Western Roman Empire failure, there were competitions between the Catholic Church and Arianism to convert the Barbarian tribes. In the late 15th century explorers and the European missionaries spread Catholicism in America, Asia and Africa. The Catholic Church had Church fathers. Church fathers were early eminent Christian teachers, bishops and infl uential theologians. The church fathers faced a number of theological disputes. For, example, Jesus Christ in the Eucharist was a sign of contradiction to the early church fathers. Some people did not believe that the Eucharist was a representation of the body of Christ or the symbolic memorial of Christ’s death. The cross was also a point of dispute. It is believed that Jesus Christ died for man’s sin, yet the Catholics believe that we should obey God, love others and go through suffering and pain. This is a contradiction since Jesus suffered on the cross for man’s sins. Human embryo is also another contradiction. This was seen as a sign of dispute the church fathers engaged in because it is believed that, the embryo is already a human being and that human beings were created in the God’s likeness (Edward 23). Augustine of Hippo was a bishop of Regius. He believed that Christ’s grace is indispensable to the freedom of human Augustine was converted to Christianity after hearing the story of Placianus. This story inspired him and led to his conversion to Christianity. He gave up his social life and dedicated his life to serving God and practiced priesthood, including celibacy. According to him, his conversion was prompted by a voice he heard that was child like telling him, â€Å"tolle, lege† (â€Å"take up and read†). Augustine considered the fact that people believed the soul originated from God as

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Summary - Essay Example The difference between these two people lies in the way they perceive social situations. A shy person will do their best to avoid a social situation while exhibiting characteristics associated with inhibition of behavior, which implies that they are poor judges of social situations. On the other hand, an introvert does not prefer engaging in social situations since they consider such situations socially taxing. The society identifies introverts as people who appear problematic and are at a high propensity of suffering depression, or even HIV. Consequently, the society tends to associate introversion with negative aspects that discount the benefits of introversion, and especially in the workplace and other important spheres of life. Importantly, this societal norm fails to identify the importance of the cautious aspect that introverts highly exhibit. The aspect of being cautious helps introverts become better leaders than extroverts since they make better decisions as they are better listeners than extroverts. Walsh identifies the character of being an introvert as one that is inherent by either being inborn or inherited. In effect, introverts fake things that help them fit into the society and become more social than their natural self, which is their introvert-self. To accentuate the point on introversion being inborn, research on four-month old infants identified children who were highly reactive to stimuli as likely to become introverts in future. After following up on these subjects after they grew older, the subjects that the research had identified as highly reactive grew to become introverted teenagers. In this case, high reaction to stimuli is associated with cautiousness, which is a fundamental characteristic of introverts. Despite the society reproaching introverts while young, there are benefits associated with introverts. Unlike extroverts, who the idea of rewards arouses them over the prioritization of risks, introverts prioritize risks associated with a situation in order to make a decision. Hence, most successful businesspeople are introverts since they analyze the risks involved in every situation and make the right decisions since they are mindful of the risks involved. For this reason, Warren Buffet has become the world’s largest investor due to his introverted nature that helps him analyze risks involved before making an investment decision. In matters related to governance, Obama, an introvert, has made better decisions than his predecessors Bush and Clinton (extroverts) since he can analyze a situation and identify potential threats that might risk his career. Hence, Bush went to war in Iraq while Clinton was involved in the Lewinsky scandal, events which put the careers of the two at risk, since they failed to analyze the potential risks involved and made the wrong decisions. Other than the characteristic of being wary of the risks involved, introverts acquire transcendent skills in various fields related to s ports, music, and even in studies and in many other fields and professions. According to a researcher who grouped musicians in various categories, musicians who practiced, most of the time, in solitude exhibited awe-inspiring

Advantages and Disadvantages Working in Large Corporation Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages Working in Large Corporation Essay Nowadays, many students prefer to work in a large corporation compared to starting their own business. This is because if they want to create their own business, they required experience and a lot of bankroll to control their business. Although there are many students who prefer working in a large corporation, somehow there are still advantages and disadvantage working in such corporation. First of all, work in a large corporation will give us a great working experience. In fact, such experience is important for everyone no matter what job he or she is in today society. Sometimes, large corporation may decide to send employees that are less capable to their headquarters to gain more experience and train them. Therefore, experience is important as same as skill. In contrast, the office polity may fix you in a category or department that is not your specialty and you can’t transfer it because the department that you want to transfer is enough employees. As you are inexperienced in that the department, it makes you incompetent and inefficient working in the organization. An example could be someone who is working in finance is required to work in production engineering which will make them not able to use their skill from one job to another. Next, working in a large corporation will provides an employee and workers a stable salary notwithstanding the corporation is gain profit or loss at the end of month or year. That means employee can disburden about their income every month and make them feel that is the responsibility to finish their work on time. Besides that, the employee has a lot of opportunities to promote to high post if he or she works in a large corporation. Nevertheless, because this advantages, there are a lot of competitor to fight for the job. The workers and employees always need to work hard in order to do well in their work and to make sure they do not lose their jobs. Such hard work and long hours will create too much of stress which is unhealthy to the body. Last but not least, working in a large corporation has reduced the risk compare to the people who start their own business. For example, the owner of the company needs to solve a lot of problem such as how to reduce the ompany’s expenses when the company losing money, whereas as an employee, they do not need to be worry about the company losses. On the other hand, if work in a large corporation, it may conflict with other department for the benefit of each other. This will affect the relationship between the employees and also the company working system. Overall, working in a large corporation has advantage and disadvantage to us but I am favor of working in a large c orporation because the amount of training and development and security working such corporation.

Mexico - A Special Place Essay -- essays research papers

Mexico - A Special Place It seemed at first like any other family trip with mom all excited and planning, my step dad telling everyone not to pack to much, getting on another plane, and then we land. First thing that I noticed was the heat, it made my knees buckle. Then looking around and seeing all the men with guns, everyone seems so serious going through the lines that have green and red light that either say that you can go or you have to be stopped and searched. It was scary seeing all of this right before my eyes. Everyone was speaking a language that I wasn’t understanding. All sorts of people running out to us trying to give us rides or selling stuff, I don’t really know because I don’t know what they were saying. Once we found the bus that my mom had reserved it was a long, hot, bumpy ride through poverty and dirtiness. What seemed like a ride that wouldn’t stop and seeing accidents and almost being in one myself, we finally reached a green, tropical area along the beach, where our condo was. The moment we got into the condo we all got our bathing suits on and ran to the beach. The first thing that I noticed was how hot the sand was. The sand wasn’t think the sand that was have in Washington, it was soft and clean and dry that was without rocks and sticks in it. We found a place to lay and put our stuff under one of the large umbrellas. When we went to go into the water I noticed something that I will never forget. The Mexicans where roped off from our area and all lined up wanting to sell us jewelry, shirts, hats, and pottery. My brother said that they tried to sell him some marijuana, but no one tried to sell me any of that stuff. Which is a good thing because I am only nine. I didn’t go to the ocean as fast as my brother and younger sister did. Or I didn’t do what my older sister did, which is flirt with the pool boys and try to get her tan started. I stayed with the people selling stuff. I kept thinking that I could swim any time but I could never talk and bargain and try to learn there language. I got so lost and I think that sometimes they had me say the wrong things because they laughed after having me say some phrase of theirs. I liked being the center of attention. I have learned so much about Mexico by just trying to talk to the venders. I even made friends that I think I will always remember and try to keep in touch with.   Ã‚  &nb... ...as the first trip. Being here at home and surrounded by our life with money, cars, school, and friends, I forget about the different life that others had in Mexico. I feel the excitement coming back to me every time mom wants to take a trip there. My first trip changed my whole perspective for other cultures and relly got me thinking about it would be like if I lived in Mexico or if I had to go through all of the poverty. It make me think how different my life would be if I lived there and thankful that I live where I do, but yet so excited to go down and meet all of the friendly people that can even remember me and my name when I see them. Mexico made me notice that with all of the friendly people down in Mexico and their not so great life style, that I now have a better understanding for everything that I have. Even though my life, my family life is different because it is just my mom and I now, when we go to Mexico I still feel the same way about Mexico as when I had my big fa mily. So I think that the place impacts me now with the same feelings no matter who I go with, it is just a special place. No matter how many times that I go to Mexico it is like the first time every time.

Catharsis Analysis Essay

As stated by Sophocles in Antigone, â€Å"Numberless are the world’s wonders, but none More wonderful than man† (Ode 1 1-2). Landscapes like the grand canyon, the wide expanse of oceans, weather, tall mountains are all magnificent features, but none as great as Man. Man is the only thing in this world, that has free will to think about anything or do anything whenever they want to. If one wants to dance, he or she is free to do so, if one wants to sing he or she can do so. Man can also feel emotions such as happiness, sadness, or even confusion. The purging of emotions in reaction to something especially tragedies or music is known as a catharsis. In Antigone by Sophocles, the audience experiences a catharsis for a variety of characters. Although their actions may seem overly dramatic due to the trivial matters that they stress about, Antigone, Creon, and Haemon provide for a catharsis through their tone during the situations they undergo. Antigone’s pitiful situation of standing alone against a strong king causes the audience to feel pity for her. As she faces her consequences for performing the â€Å"crime† of burying her brother, Antigone to all who are able to hear her, â€Å"Be witnesses for me, denied all pity, Unjustly judged!† (IV 29-30). Due to everyone’s fear of Creon, Antigone must stand alone with no one to help her and constantly face harassment for performing the traditions of her culture. The exclamation point reveals that her tone is one of anger and frustration as she knows that she is right, but her opinions are outnumbered by the fearful subjects of Creon. Antigone’s death is more than imminent. The audience sides with Antigone in compassion for Antigone is in a situation where hope is nonexistant. Antigone’s lack of help leads to the stark punishment of rotting in a tomb until her own death. In a situation where the life has no meaning, Antigone takes her own life and is later discovered by the messenger who reports the news to the Choragus. The messenger states that â€Å"We saw her lying: She had made a noose of her fine linen viel† (Exodus 58-60) proving the stress that Antigone had to go through while facing Creon alone. The bare situation that Antigone is in calls for a purge of emotions from the audience. Her suicide states that she did not want to deal with her life anymore to such an extent that it would  be better if she killed herself rather than take her chances. The tone of the moment when the messenger described the scene was one of melancholy and grief for everyone knew exactly what she went through and why. The helplessness of Antigone calls for sympathy from the readers. Haemon is another character who calls for a release of emotions by the audience. As Haemon learns of Antigone’s rising conflict with Creon over the burial of Polyneicies, Haemon confronts Creon by stating â€Å"I am your son, Father. You are my guide. You make things clear for me, and I obey you. No marriage means more to me than your continuing wisdom† (III 8-10). Haemon is engaged to Antigone, but now knowing that Creon craves for her death of, Haemon chooses to submit to his father’s desires. Haemon gives up his marriage due to his father revealing the love and loyalty Haemon has for his father. The audience lays compassion on Haemon in such a situation where his loyalty to his father costs him the love of his life. Later on in the story, the messenger comes with grave news to the Choragus which is revealed to be that â€Å"Haemon is dead; and the hand that killed him Is his own hand† (Exodus 19-20). Haemon’s enormous love for Antigone convinced him that without her he cannot leave providing a cheese movie romance that people crave. The desire for people of our day to have a love like this influences the audience to feel compassion for Haemon who died a loving man. Much like Romeo and Juliet, the two star-crossed lovers eventually meet their end due to the love for each other. The audience can only feel sorry for two lovers like this. In the end, Haemon’s situations and tone cause a purge of emotions to arise in the audience. Although Creon is seen as a villain throughout most of the story, Creon’s experiences influence the audience to experience emotions of compassion towards him. After the death of Haemon, Creon’s son, Creon states that his â€Å"own blind heart has brought me From darkness to final darkness. Here you see The father murdering, the murdered son–† (Exodus 87-90). Creon causes the death of his own son due to his role in causing the suicide of Antigone. Instead of acting as a father, Creon treated Haemon as any other subject who must obey his command and pays the consequences for doing so. Also, the diction Creon uses such as â€Å"blind† and â€Å"darkness† suggest a dark tone where  hope or happiness are unable to exist. The dark tone full of grief causes a catharsis due to the fact that Creon is going through extreme sadness. Shortly after the death of his own son, Creon learns of the death of his wife leaving him with nothing, but the crown he proudly held. In reaction, Creon exclaims â€Å"Let it come; Let death come quickly and be kind to me. I would not ever see the sun again† revealing the loss of hope in himself(Exodus 127-129). Creon, like Antigone, no longer wishes to go through the pain he experiences and wishes to be dead. Adding on, Creon’s tone is one of melancholy as evident by his use of â€Å"death† coming quickly to him. As a king, Creon can do nothing but live through this pain. To leave his kingdom would equally harm the people just as the deaths of his family harmed him. Despite starting as a villain, Creon was able to learn his lesson, but at a certain price and the audience pities him for losing so much. Creon’s losses provide a catharsis for the audience. The complexity of man stands as a wonder to many. The emotions that one may feel are massive in variety. Antigone, Creon, and Haemon cause a catharsis to arise within the audience’s thoughts. Some people can even relate to the situations allowing for a better connection and catharsis. The helpless situations that these characters experience and the tones that they portray push the audience to feel bad for these characters. The complexion found in man is yet to be fully understood and man’s potential measured. The question why we care for others in a world where survival of the fittest started as the first theory or the question of emotions and how they work are shrouded with mystery.

Discipline in School

Discipline is very important in a civilized life. Discipline can be defined as control over one's desires and obedient' to codes of behavior. If there is no discipline, there is confusion everywhere. Discipline is of great importance in school and at home. If there is no discipline in schools, it is not possible to imp education effectively. It is necessary to maintain law an order in the society. There should be discipline at home also. Children must be taught self-control. Parents themselves should keep discipline. Children should be taught the value discipline in childhood.A country cannot face extern wars if its armed forces are not disciplined . Unfortunately, there are not much discipline today schools, colleges and government offices. That is w India is facing many problems . Discipline is necessary for people in all walks folia Students studying in schools and colleges, Define personnel, industrial workers – all must have disciple Only then a nation can progress| A stu dent needs to be very punctual to his routine. He should be very regular and sincere to his studies. He should be hard working.He should always be ready and active in various other extracurricular activities. He should remain active and smart. He should learn how to face difficult situations and how to win over them. A student is the future of the country. It is he who has to take the responsibility of the country. He should be healthy and fit. Physical education is as important for students as to be studious and sincere at studies. A student should always be in good health and fitness. For this he should get up early in the morning. He should take exercise daily. He should play game of his choice daily.It is well known that a healthy body has a healthy mind. He is mind will be strong and sharp only when he is physically strong, fit and healthy. The biggest task of a student is to study. A student should be very devoted and sincere to his studies. He should be very punctual. He shou ld know the importance of time. He should regularly do his home work. He should have an urge to learn new things. He should have respect for his teachers and elders. He should be very cooperative with his friends. He should help the needy. Discipline demands self-control and dedication.One who cannot control himself cannot control others. He has to dedicate his individuality in the larger interest of society. Discipline is a virtue. It needs to be cultivated from early childhood. It cannot be developed overnight. It takes time and requires patience. When discipline is enforced, it fails to bring the desired result. True essence of discipline is lost when it is enforced . Student life is the formation period of life. The foundation of adulthood is laid down during the time. The man grows with the habits and manners acquired at that time. These things hardly change.So a student should be much disciplined in his student life. One who is disciplined raises high in life. Life of great me n is examples of discipline. The great men have made mark in their lives, because they strictly follow their goals with all the earnestness and sincerity. So, we should try to be disciplined from the early stage of life. Both at school and at home they should be made to follow the rules of discipline. Parents, teachers and elders have significant role to play. A student should always learn good habits. This will lead to the formation of a good society and nation as well. |

Natural environment Essay Example

Natural environment Essay Example Natural environment Essay Natural environment Essay Is racism still alive today? Yes it does. Racism is one of the worlds major issues today. Many people are not aware of how much racism still exists in our schools workforces, and anywhere else where social lives are occurring. It is obvious that racism is bad as it was many decades ago but it sure has not gone away. Racism very much exists and it is about time that people need to start thinking about the instigations and solutions to this matter. Many people believe that it depends on if a person was brought into the world as a racist or not but that is not the case at all.In fact, an individual cannot be born a racist but only learn to become one as they grow from child to adulthood. Some of the basic causes that keep racism alive today are stereotypes, unfamiliarity, selfishness and environmental factors. One of the most common causes of racism is stereotypes. Through television, through radio, through the internet, through music, through books, and the like, the potential for ster eo types to build are a definite possibility. When a person, especially one that is very young, is exposed to stereotypes of a specific group for the first time, then that person will assume all are that way.Likewise, when a source is constantly displaying negative things about a particular race, then that will affect the overall opinions as well. Another very common, and probably the most common cause of racism is unfamiliarity. People fear what they do not know or understand. If someone hasnt grown up around a particular race before, then there is more of a chance the person can be racist toward that particular group. Not all the time, but when the person has already been fed negative stereotypes, and does not have the actual real life experiences with at least one within the particular group, then the chances of racism are increased.This is why it is important for children to be around other races at a young age: to ensure they get their minds used and adapted to being around the m, and also to help counterbalance any false stereotypes they may encounter in the future. Selfishness is another obvious cause of racism. Humans are sometimes very selfish creatures caring only about their own at the expense of others. If individuals arent taught how to respect others, then the potential for the person to become racist is increased as well. This is why you will find that most caring individuals arent racist. Neither are they sexist or anything else.The lastly and probably the most surprising cause of racism is environmental causes. We are all made different biologically and genetically. Our physical environment can affect our biology and therefore, in many cases, affect our minds. This does not mean freewill and choice are not options, but that an individuals potential for racism could possibly be increased through certain environmental factors unknown to man. By default, racism is non-existent. However, things such as improper health maintenance, excess chemicals, head injuries, or other factors may help contribute to it.This should not be used as an excuse that racism has to persist, but more of a better chance to cure racism by enhancing biological health and medical technology, rather than thinking it can only be done by other means. Those are the 4 main causes of racism. As previously stated, racism is one of the most revolting things that paralyses humanity. To cure racism permanently, we must first address the root problems, which are: stereotypes, unfamiliarity, selfishness, and environmental aspects. When we cure and address those things, we will cure racism as well.We all have to learn, and to understand that we are all equal, that we all share the same planet, and that we have the same climate. People and their cultures depend on each other. Racism is a kind of illness. The society cannot get rid of it because there are still too many people who do not understand that we all live under the same sun, breathe the same air, and share the same world.Bibliography oppapers. com/subjects/racism-is-still-alive-page1. html http://voices. yahoo. com/racism-still-alive-today-29941. html? cat=9 democraticunderground. com/discuss/duboard. php? az=view_all;amp;address=3896589799

How to Form Subject and Object Questions in English

How to Form Subject and Object Questions in English The following rules apply to question formation in English. While a number of more advanced ways to form questions in English exist, simple English questions always follow these rules. Generally speaking, there are two types of questions: object  questions and subject questions. Object questions   Object questions are the most common types of questions in English. Object questions ask when, where, why, how, and if someone does something: Where do you live?Did you go shopping yesterday?When are they going to arrive next week? Subject questions Subject questions ask who or which person or object does something: Who lives there?Which car has the best safety features?Who bought that house? Auxiliary Verbs in Object Questions All tenses in English use auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs are always placed before the subject in subject  questions in English, with the main form of the verb being placed after the subject.   Yes/No questions begin with the auxiliary verb: Auxiliary Verb Subject Main Verb Do you study French? Information questions begin with question words such as where, when, why, or how. How often did you visit Paris when you lived in France?How long have you lived here? Auxiliary Verbs  in Subject Questions Auxiliary verbs are placed after question words who, which, which kind of, and which type of in object questions. Drop the helping verb for present simple and past simple, as in positive sentences: Who/Which (kind of/type of) Auxiliary Verb Main Verb Which type of food provides the best nutrition?Who is going to speak at the conference next week?What type of company employs thousands of people? Finally, subject questions generally use simple tenses such as present simple, past simple and future simple. Object Questions Focus  on Tenses While its possible to form subject questions in each tense, the following examples focus on the use of object questions in a variety of tenses, as they are much more common. Present Simple/Past Simple/Future Simple   Use the auxiliary verb do/does for present simple questions and did for past simple questions plus the base form of the verb. Present Simple Where do they live?Do you play tennis?Does she go to your school? Past Simple When did you have lunch yesterday?Did they buy a new car last week?How did she do on the exam last month? Future Simple When will she visit us next?Where will you stay when you get there?What will we do?! Present Continuous/Past Continuous/Future Continuous Use the auxiliary verb is/are for present continuous questions and was/were for past continuous questions plus the present participle or ing form of the verb. Present Continuous What are you doing?Is she watching TV?Where are they playing tennis? Past Continuous What were you doing at six p.m.?What was she cooking when you came home?Were they studying when you walked into their room? Future Continuous What will you be doing next week at this time?What will she be speaking about?Will they be staying with you? Present Perfect / Past Perfect / Future Perfect Use the auxiliary verb have/has for present perfect questions and had for past perfect questions plus the past participle. Present Perfect Where has she gone?How long have they lived here?Have you visited France? Past Perfect Had they eaten before he arrived?What had they done that made him so angry?Where had you left the briefcase? Future Perfect Will they have finished the project by tomorrow?How much time will you have spent reading that book?When will I have completed my studies?! Exceptions to the Rule - To Be - Present Simple and Past Simple The verb to be takes no auxiliary verb in the present simple and past simple question form. In this case, place the verb to be before the subject to ask a question. To Be Present Simple Is she here?Are you married?Where am I? To Be Past Simple Were they at school yesterday?Where were they?Was she at school? This is the basic structure of all questions in English. There are, however, exceptions to these rules as well as other structures. Once you understand this basic structure, its also important to  continue learning about how to use indirect questions  and  tag questions.   Remember that questions are one of three forms for each sentence. There is always a positive, negative and question form for each sentence. Study your verb forms and youll be able to easily use each of these tenses to have conversations and ask questions effectively.

Are Leaders Born or Made Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are Leaders Born or Made - Essay Example 9 Case Study Rolls Royce is a technology leader which employees 36,000 people in offices, manufacturing and service facilities operating in 50 countries. The company has long history of employee development but currently they are reexamining their development strategy. In 2005 a review of talent management which was up till now being managed locally within business units was done and new concept of talent management at global scale was introduced (Jane Yarnall, 2008). Rolls Royce realized the importance of talent management and that it should not be a standalone approach. Leaders can only emerge by identifying the potential talent at the grass root level and then nurtured and developed according to the organizational needs. The efforts which were previously been done at the regional level needs to be coordinated and aligned with each other and with organizational objectives to maximize its effectiveness and broadening its horizon. After reviewing their current policy and assessing it s strengths and weaknesses they charted out a number of steps for their global talent management program. A new stream of graduates was hired as trainee managers or the leadership graduates, developing a pool for future leadership. And as this pool of candidate grew in experience and maturity, succession planning was successful. This program had a clear and predefined set of roles and expectations from the line managers, while at the same time, there was development of a human resource database, keeping in mind the global focus. Career development and progression plans were developed and communicated objectively to the employees, for assuring and ensuring no conflicts by being absolutely objective, alongside coaching and mentoring. This, in turn, assisted the business to focus on leadership development with a strategic eye for the future requirements10(Jane Yarnall, 2008). The above charted out plans further strengthens the view that Rolls Royce also believed in the theory that lead ers are more made than born as suggested by Daft and a no of other writers on the theory of leadership development. Rolls Royce realizes the importance of the quality of human capital and strongly believes that the success of the company depends on how the management programs for all the employees have been established within the company. Before launching this global talent management program Rolls Royce actually conducted a self analysis survey to identify the weaknesses of the old development program. In this self analysis program they asked themselves the following questions. Where do they stand today? How healthy is their existing succession plan? A survey about internal and global demographics What metrics should they use? What kind of leadership is required for the future? An analysis of the need of future graduates Identification of real indicators of high potential What additional development programs are required An analysis of competitors leadership development program If we take a closer look at these questions then it reveals that it was actually a journey for the company through the stages of leadership development as suggested by Daft. Once it was decided at Rolls Royce that born leaders are a rare commodity and cannot be found easily, Since there is no

Default and Dispute Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Default and Dispute - Research Paper Example Acquisition planning and cost containment strategies of government are two important aspects of the study. Finally, the study will try to recommend some useful strategies to increase the efficiency of procurement process of government.     Termination for default can be described as practice of contractual right of prime contractor or the government to terminate the agreement or contract partially or as a whole for the reason of contractor’s failure to perform contractual obligations (in actual or anticipatory). Termination for default causes the loss for an underperforming contractor in the following way. 1- The contractor will not be able to get reimbursement for undelivered work and they need to repay for any further advancement required in the undelivered product, 2- The contractor is liable to the prime contractor to pay the extra cost incurred due to terminated contract. Termination of default is a harsh monetary penalty in real practice. Every contractor needs to ta ke possible steps to avoid such predicament (James, 1963). Bases for a Termination for Default The Federal Acquisition Regulation has described various bases for termination for default. The bases can be summarized in the following manner. 1- Contractor fails to perform or deliver the work within given time frame, 2- contractor fails to show acceptable performance to accomplish the work. As a result of poor performance the contractor fails to progress in the work, 3- a government can show debarment notice to contractor, 4- a government can repudiate the contract anticipating future loss that would be caused by poor performance of the contractor. 4- Contractor fails to perform any of the contractual provisions. Example Termination for Default is categorized as government specific technical term contracting term described in 49.4 of the FAR. When a supplier fails to supply product within the predetermined time frame the government can terminate a contract for default. Suppose a suppli er did a contractual agreement with the government to supply 60 units of the product after 1 month but managed to deliver only 40 units within given time frame. The government has the right to perform the termination of default due to the failure of the contractor. Termination for Default versus Termination for Convenience Consequences In case of termination for default, the prime contractor is not liable for the cost incurred on undelivered work and contractor is liable to pay advance payments made by a government. The government has the right to claim manufacturing materials and completed supplies after termination of a contract. Contracting officer shall acquire finished material under the default clause on behalf of a government. Government is liable to pay contract price of finished supplies to a contractor. The payment amount is decided by contracting officer after adjustment with a contractor (Acquisition, n.d.). In the termination for convenience, the government may terminat e the contract in whole or in part at any time by giving minimum thirty days notice to the contractor. The contractor will be paid due to payment for completed work by the prime contractor.

Contemporary ethical theory of Haidt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contemporary ethical theory of Haidt - Essay Example In Haidt’s paradigm, intuitions are primary in making human moral judgments; moral reasoning only does the labor of a lawyer, which provides justification for an already taken point of view. In other words, moral judgments are taken without a judge who could have weighed all considerations impartially. And, the only ones who are capable of making moral judgments based on moral reasoning are professional philosophers and such ilk. Needless to say, it is more than an elitistic argument as ordinary people too face many ethical challenges in their lives but attend them with considerable force of moral reasoning. The purpose the paper is to weigh the arguments of Haidt in favor of social intuitionism and counter-arguments by Pizarro and Bloom against each other to have better understandings of the ways moral judgment functions. Intuitions, Reasoning and Moral Judgments Haidt introduced and formulated the social intuitionist model as an alternative to the rationalist model of moral thought. He considers that intuitions as paramount in moral judgments as they are automatic affective reflexes. Moral reasoning is a chicken and egg question that attempts to find what determines moral judgments. Haidt argues that judgments are based on spontaneous intuitions while moral reasoning has only the role of justifying. In other words, moral reasoning is just the spokesperson of the moral judgments. ... Since it is social model, it cannot â€Å"deemphasizes the private reasoning done by individuals and emphasizes instead the importance of social and cultural influences† (Haidt, 814). More than moral reasoning, moral judgment takes place as a result of spontaneous intuition based evaluations. A moral judgment is often immediate and spontaneous; moral reasoning just follows it. It means after reaching at a moral judgment only, people look forward for moral reasons. Many of the laboratory researches have shown that human beings are actually governed by the forces of their unconscious when they pronounce moral judgments. Still, it is necessary to look at the role played by rational deliberations and the cognitive abilities in directing moral judgments. Moreover, people actually engage in moral reasoning while they confront ethical dilemmas. No moral judgments are taken all of a sudden and forever. The rationalist model, according to Haidt, portrays that â€Å"moral knowledge and moral judgment are reached primarily by a process of reasoning and reflection† (814). Here, moral emotion could play only a lesser role by adding some inputs to the process of moral reasoning. Simply speaking, the rationalist model assumes that every human being plays a role of judge while pronouncing is/her own moral judgments. Social intuitionism has many philosophical underpinnings as it is at the core philosophical thought. Haidt asserts that â€Å"[i]ntuitionism in philosophy refers to the view that there are moral truths and that when people grasp these truths they do so not by a process of ratiocination and reflection but rather by a process more akin to perception† (814). Here a person sees a thing and adopt a position without critically engaging

Is Pop Art Celebration Or Critique Film Studies Essay

Is Pop Art Celebration Or Critique Film Studies Essay Pop-art was an art movement that emerged in America and Britain in the mid 50s and culminated between 1960 and 1965. Pop art was a result of a post war era and a sudden influx of mass production and popular culture. Pop art included images from popular culture such as consumer goods, magazines and advertisements as opposed to more serious elitist culture art like abstract expressionism. It was used as a bridge between contemporary life and art, often using found images/objects and a tendency toward using mechanical rendering/production techniques. In Britain:- Independent group In 1952, a collection of artists in London by the name of the Independent Group began to meet regularly to discuss topics such as the found object, science and technology and mass cultures place in fine art. Members in the group were,  Eduardo Paolozzi,  Richard Hamilton, architects  Alison  and  Peter Smithson, and critics Lawrence Alloway and Reyner Banham. In the early 1950s Britain was still escaping the austerity of the post-war years, and the British citizens were dubious about American popular culture. Although the group was suspicious of the American commercial character, they were still enthusiastic and excited about the fruitful world popular culture seemed to promise for the future. The material, mainly in images they discussed at length were of that found in Western movies, comic books, science fiction, automobile design, billboards, and rock and roll music. Richard Hamilton Richard Hamilton was a big name in pop art in Britain, with his famous collage just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing which was produced for ThisIsTomorrows catalogue. Richard was part of the Independent Group that had sensed post war culture would be democratically inclusive and accessible and argued that art should follow suit. The independent group also aimed toward removing the academia behind modern art such as high art like Rothkos light red over black and toward a more figurative, unambiguous language of art portrayed in the transparent language of advertising and iconography. This new art didnt need particularly skilled or difficult process to be produced and tried to link the realms of art and everyday life. The interchange-ability between advertising and art allowed Richard to show viewers that modern art repeatedly celebrated physical pleasure and inspiration was often gathered from previous movements. Hamilton stated that this New art, should be: Popular, transient, expendable, low cost, mass produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous and big business! this subsequently laid down the path for the movement Just What is it That Makes Todays Homes so Different, So Appealing? In this piece Richard Hamilton used popular images and symbols as a gateway or library to explore the interior of a house of that time and to comment on the swift and important change in the way of everyday life.  Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing?  Is so iconic because it was created during an era in which all people internationally and worldwide became leisure shoppers, watchers of television, drivers of cars, and disposable buyers. At the same time, the boundaries between old world civilizations and of international politics were disintegrated by capitalism; a few countries made the choice to adopt the trimmings of that economic system without inviting its basic values of competition, efficiency, legitimacy of profit, which all ultimately make the consumerist structure work and mature properly. The travesty of Westernized ideas of an effective business conduct is interpreted in this collage by the excess of items obtained through conspicuous consumption. They are shown as symbols of leisure. And the observer is reminded of how quickly that people forget about the consequences of irresponsible spending, since the buy, buy, buy lifestyle continues at a continuingly faster rate, even after the nations of the world were warped as a result of the economic disasters in 1929. This is evident in the technological advancements that have permeated into this skewed interior, with a television playing an advertisement of a lady talking on the telephone, the vague cube-like recording device on the floor, the fanciness and glamour related to the theatre past the lounges window, and the ornament of a Ford hood bejewelled on the lampshade. Apart from the subject matter related to financial history, Hamilton also recognises the presence of Communism portrayed as a crescent of a planet which also acts as the houses ceiling. This segment of the globe is inconspicuously there, looming over and haunting the American homeowners with the vague signifier of all that was unfamiliar during the 1950s: communism. The reference to planets and space begins to attract attention to the informal Space Race between Russia and America, an important rivalry that would supposedly declare the more proficient country to be the symbolic leader of the world. Modernity, material comfort, and desirability present in Hamiltons labour were icons that undoubtedly have broadened the potential of Pop Art by promising an ideal kingdom of the imminent buyers paradise, while conveying a doubtful and ironic tone articulating the mode of sheer parody. This piece is therefore not only a creative playing field aesthetically, but also a milestone in the history of the art world and in the context of social critique. Eduardo Paolozzi Dr. Pepper Eduardo Paolozzi was like Richard Hamilton a member of the Independent Group, who brought a lart Brut perspective to things, which means he brought an outsiders perspective, supposedly because of his connections to dada and surrealism. This piece is made up of images from American magazines that he had obtained from American people in Paris. It is hard to understand why Paolozzi mustve been sucked into the exotic society portrayed in American magazines having been in poverty himself due to the Second World War. In dr pepper there are happy and healthy people surrounded by an abundance of food and automobiles, this all portraying a Wealthy life, with happiness being the key here. Paolozzi wasnt just attracted to the material value or message of consumerism or happiness. Paolozzi genuinely believed these images from advertisements to be artistically wealthy and an icon of the modern world. Paolozzi had once said in his opinion of American Popular images where the event of selling tinned pears was transformed into multi-coloured dreams, where sensuality and virility combined to form, in our view, an art form more subtle and fulfilling than the orthodox choice of either the Tate Gallery or the Royal Academy (Eduardo Paolozzi, Retrospective statements in Robbins, p.192). This new outlook was soon to be embraced on an international scale as this work is actually a predecessor to Pop Art and wasnt actually part of the movement. Paolozzi was trying to respond to dada-ism and surrealism although his work is almost ingenious in seeing the future of art. In America:- It seemed that the American dream was no longer defined by political freedom, but instead was measured by the number of commodities a citizen could acquire. America was consuming popular magazines, cinema and television, pop music and rock n roll, automobiles and domestic appliances in steadily increasing numbers. They were encouraged to spend by a vast advertising sector that deliberately interpreted consumption as a measure of ones financial success and psychological wellbeing. American Pop Art was a very unified, more organised movement than the British. There were more obvious common characteristics such as the contemporary imagery, the obscurity of surface, and bold, strong colours. As opposed to the British also, American artists had a tendency to be more ambiguous and less like the transparent communication through British pop art. Many of the American artists suggested with humour that art was like any other consumer product that could be marketed. Andy Warhol Andy Warhol is probably the most famous pop artist and one of the most well-known artists in the west, with his work being placed on t-shirts and mugs and any other sort of merchandise. Known best for his Campbell soup cans, marylin Monroe prints and velvet underground album cover, in all of these pieces hes used bold bright colours, quite a common character within American pop art. Most of, if not all of his Pop Art work was screen printed, this semi mechanized way of producing works further pronounced the new era mass production, Andy Warhol was so fond of this whole idea that he dubbed his studio the Factory. Campbells Soup Cans Warhol had a more creative and positive view on ordinary culture than most and felt that abstract expressionists had gone out of their way to discern the wonder of modernity. The Campbell Soup Cans as well as his other series were the ideal opportunity to express this view on modern culture. However, Warhols blank manner laboured to be empty of emotional content and unable to be commented on on a social level. In fact the work was designed to be with the least amount of emotion or individual expression. According to Marcel Duchamp if you take a Campbells Soup can and repeat it fifty times, you are not interested in the retinal image. The depictions of the multiple cans are almost an abstraction in themselves with attention focused on the panorama rather than the individual cans and their details.it could be said that the symbolic identity of the multiple can depictions (freedom of choice, mass production etc.) became more important than the individual symbols. Warhol had a big interest in in factory like production in his early days of pop art which was mistaken by fine artists in general as their value system disagreed with mechanization. To further resonate the message of consumerism and mass production behind his art along with the silk screen printing, naming his studio the factory and creating series, he also took on a pop persona as he and his work became more noticed by the media.He began to adopt the image of a teenager of the time, engaging himself in pop culture like rock shows, so much so that he produced an album cover for the velvet underground and had famous friends hangout in his factory. I shop therefore I am Barbara Kruger I shop therefore I am is a print of a hand holding a red card with white lettering, by photographer Barbara Kruger.   It is a bold statement about Western culture and consumerism and is great in how implicates viewers by giving no clear notion of who is speaking, so it could be personal to her, personal from someone else, or relative to everyone, sucking the viewer in and making them think about the art on a more personal level. The message behind the piece is saying that we dont just shop for the things we need.   We shop to obtain an identity, persona and certain status and we do this so that we feel that we fit in and belong to a certain group in society. Conclusion Pop Art was evidently considerably different between America and Britain with the rest of Europe not quite producing fully fledged pop art works or taking the movement so seriously. Britain was quite clearly optimistic for the future of consumerism although it had undertones of concern and fear of the unknown as you would expect. In my opinion, the reason why the two natures were different is that America had evolved from the war economy before Britain so the advertisements being filtered through to Britain seemed alien and astounding, hence the large numbers of cut-outs being the primary base of pop art in Britain. America then acknowledged the movement and kept quite an intellectual spin on it all, with ambiguity present and narratives, part of what the British independent group was against, trying to keep the art open and objective rather than subjective and could be called the peoples art an art for everyone that requires no preliminary knowledge or particular understanding. The American pop art was a mixed movement with Andy Warhol producing the Campbell soup cans as a statement of mass production and consumerism but also as a statement that there is freedom and opportunity to choose what you want, almost as an echo of individuality which was very welcome and fantasized about. Although this is one of the more noticeable works of American pop art this should not be seen to represent all of American work, Barbara Krugers work is of a different style again. Krugers work was mainly made up of found black and white photographs with bold white lettering on a red background. Each of her works had a bold statement on the photograph, encouraging the viewer to think more about it, the statement, usually an ambiguous one would be based on society and topical. I shop therefore I am doesnt say who its referring to and has a message behind it rather than being obvious and clear of its nature. This evidence amongst many other American works further perpetuates my opin ion that American work is more ambiguous and therefore more intellectual rather than pure aesthetic information. Therefore my answer to the question is pop art a celebration or critique of consumer culture is that in the beginnings consumerism was heavily welcomed and a great relief celebrated by many, but still with some sceptical artists stating that consuming was becoming a reliance and for obvious reasons people worry when they have to rely on things. Pop art in Britain was much more hedonistic, optimistic and transparent, probably as a notion of hope to cling on to as they emerged out from austerity. Pop art in America could be more pessimistic at times and narrated with hidden messages having to be prized from the works, but as with Britain I think the idea was still celebratory although there was a little more critique from America than Britain, this would only be expected though as America being much larger would have more of a variation in opinion.